Chimes in North America. History, Technique, and Relations to Other Bell Traditions - Elisabeth Wang

My thesis focuses on the historical development and general performance/compositional techniques of chimes in North America. Chimes, which are defined as having 8 to 22 bells, are characterized by a console with large pump-handle levers that pull clappers to ring the bells. I first became interested in the instruments as a chimesmaster at Cornell University, which has one of the most frequently played and well-maintained chimes in the world.

This report explores the broader tradition of chiming in North America, both historically and in the present day. Chimes emerged in North America in the 19th century as a new type of bell tower instrument that drew from historical traditions, albeit featuring distinctive instrument designs and playing styles. The instruments have been influenced by change-ringing and carillons, but they remain unique in their musical capabilities.

Historically and still today, most chimes are found in Episcopalian churches, although the type of setting has grown to include more diverse denominations and secular institutions. Their geographic reach has increased as well from the Northeastern U.S. to throughout the country, but the highest concentration of chimes remains in the Northeast. Bellfounders contributed to this expansion through promotional materials and exhibits at mechanical fairs. Although most early music consisted of simple melodies and hymn tunes, repertoire for the chimes has also evolved with more complex compositions and arrangements as larger instruments were built and new genres as chimes reached more diverse audiences. Developments in tuning over time have also led to greater musical possibilities.

Today, the frequency of playing chimes varies, with some instruments falling into disrepair and others played several times per day. Education of chimesplayers often involves learning from a more experienced chimesplayer and having a background playing other musical instruments, but formal means of education specifically for chimes are not available. Chimes share many similarities with carillons, and some playing and compositional techniques overlap and could be useful for players to study. However, carillons are more likely to have a structured, formalized organization such as through recitals with prepared programs and an appointed player with a degree in the subject.

Although the playing mechanisms and settings for the towers have evolved over time, chimes remain a beloved tradition in many communities while reaching contemporary listeners.